Categories for Blog

September 28, 2016

Interview with Babel Magazine

1. What is Babel Magazine, who writes it and who is your audience?

Babel magazine was set up by Lesley Jeffries and Dan McIntyre, two linguists at the University of Huddersfield. Lesley and Dan found it strange that the newsagent’s shelves had magazines for subjects such as history and geography, but nothing that covers linguistics. They knew that many people – not just linguistics professors! – are interested in all sorts of things to do with language, and decided that they ought to do something about it. Babel is a quarterly magazine for both linguists and those with a general interest in languages and linguistics, based on new research but interesting and accessible for all. (You can watch an animated take on the origins of Babel magazine here).
Each issue is written by many linguistic researchers from far and wide – this helps us make sure that we cover a wide range of topics, from the secret language of gay men in the 1950s, to the future of translation through new technology. But we also write Babel’s regular features ourselves – Lesley and Dan write the entries for our Linguistic Lexicon, and our editorial staff – Jane Lugea, Matt Evans and Hazel Price – put everything together and handle Language in the News.

babel-magazine-photo-1-1

2. How do you decide on the content? Do you receive letters from the readers? Do you consult specialists/academics? 

We have been very lucky – we have had a constant stream of contributions coming in from linguists around the world from ever since our first issue (which you can read for free). We are looking forward to publishing new articles that we have been sent on topics such as adverbs, the language of comedy and marketplace metaphors.
Sometimes we put a call out for specialists – for example, Twitter was very handy for assembling a team of contributors for our recent special issue on the pioneering linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. We also accept readers’ requests! Our regular Ask a Linguist feature addresses readers’ burning linguistic questions, and if readers suggest a topic, then we’ll try to find a linguist to write an article on it.

3. Can you tell us more about the Babel Young Writers Competition?

Our Young Writers’ Competition is our way of recognising the writing talents of young linguists. Each year, we run two categories – one for sixth form/college students, and one for undergraduates – and the winner of each is published in our November issue (as well as receiving a year’s free subscription to Babel).
The competition was inspired by an article we received out of the blue. We were stunned to find that the writer of this wonderful piece on British Sign Language was a seventeen year-old linguist, Kateryna Pavlyuk. This made us think that perhaps there were more great young writers on language out there, and so we set up the competition. So far our winners have looked at diverse topics: Konglish (a blend of Korean and English), the status of Arabic and English in Lebanon, and what spoonerisms (‘bunny rabbit’ / ‘runny babbit’) can tell us about how language works. We are currently carrying out the difficult task of picking our 2016 winners, which will be published in our next issue (No 17). Readers can read each of our previous winners on the Babel website.

babel-magazine-photo-2

4. Do you organise any events, such as meetings with researchers, linguists or writers?

Yes – at the moment, the highlight of the Babel calendar is our annual lecture. We set up the Babel Lecture in 2015 as a way to meet our readers, bring expert linguists’ thoughts to the public, and also as an excuse for a good night out!
Our first Babel lecturer was the accent and dialect coach Brendan Gunn, who gave a talk about the important role of linguistics in helping actors such as Brad Pitt, Penelope Cruz and Robert De Niro to sound convincing in their parts. Then, in May this year, David Crystal lectured on intonation in English, drawing on anecdotes from his many years as a linguist to show how intonation plays such an important role in creating meaning. We are hoping to bag another big name for our 2017 lecture, so keep your eyes peeled!

5. The subscription is available both as a hard copy and as an e-magazine. Do your readers have a preference, or do they subscribe to both?  

We have found that most readers like to have the print editions – the majority take out either a print or print plus digital subscription. We suspect that this is because of the excellent job that our designer does. The magazine is colourful, and printed on glossy paper, so it’s nice to own the print copies. It’s also not so easy to put the digital pull-out poster on your wall!
To see what our print editions are like, readers can request a free copy of our sample issue by getting in touch at editors@babelzine.com.

6. What is Lingo Magazine? Do you have many young readers?

We set up Lingo magazine to cater more directly for younger readers. We had got a bit of experience at producing Babel, and knew that we had plenty of schools among our subscribers, so we thought we would set up something especially for younger readers, with more language puzzles and contributions from young language lovers.
Readers can find out more about Lingo at lingozine.com.

7. What are your future plans? Do you have any projects you would like to work on?

We’d like to see the readership of Babel grow and expand. The magazine is a real labour of love, and we’ve had a lot of kind words from readers and other linguists, so we just want to make more!
We will be continuing to run the annual lectures and competitions, and will hopefully start to have more events where readers can hear linguists in person and tell us what they would like to see in the magazine.
There are now quite a few issues of Babel, so we are also looking forward to launching our new subsciptions and back issues in November. These will make it easier to catch up with particular back issues that catch your fancy, and to have access to the entire Babel back catalogue online.
Readers can follow us on Twitter and Facebook to keep up to date with the latest Babel news!

Thank you for your time, good luck with your future projects.

If you would like to subscribe Babel Magazine, you can do so here.
Interviewed by Bristol Language School.
September 21, 2016

Travelling Corner: 5 Ideas for Short-Distance Walks in Bristol (Part 1)

I am a keen walker and I always give my legs priority over any other form of transportation. However, it is not always possible to have enough time for a long walk (but there will be a follow-up post on long-distance walking ideas, too!). Below I have prepared my favourite smaller green spots where you can have a picnic/lunch, go for a short walk or sit on a bench and relax. It’s refreshing and energising.

Queen Square, Centre: a perfect location if you are in the city centre or near the train station.

Brandon Hill, Clifton: well-hidden behind high buildings, not far away from the museum and Park Street.

brandon-hill

Suspension Bridge, Clifton Village: there are many routes to walk and admire the bridge, on the edge of Clifton Village.

DIGITAL CAMERA

Lover’s Walk, Redland: one of my favourite streets in Bristol, I could walk up and down the street all day long! Next to Redland train station, near Gloucester Road.

Kings Weston Park, Shirehampton: perfect picnic area and a very cosy café with tables inside & outside, walkable form Shirehampton train station, parking available, too.

king-weston-park

Do you have any favourite small open areas in Bristol? Please share your favourites in the comments below.

Written by Kinga Macalla

September 14, 2016

Magazine Review: Kinfolk (The Travel Issue)

“Travel is a mentality as much as an action.” Nathan Williams & Georgia Frances King

As with every issue of Kinfolk, I read the Travel Issue from cover to cover, being inspired and uplifted on every single page. The recent issue opens a door to so many different ways of thinking about travel, from our experience as travellers, life between countries to professional life requiring international travels. It also shows the connectivity between different disciplines and travel, such as architecture, fashion, style, photography, culture and language.

Kinfolk Travel Issue 1

However, what struck my attention most was the article on modern travellers and social media tools. Sharing a destination on social media is almost the norm while travelling these days. But, should we really popularise all our favourite spots? Let some destinations remain quieter, unique and exquisite, not being known to “everybody”. (Adrienne Matei, Neither here nor there, p. 82-7)

I also learnt a new untranslatable word, dor:
Dor (Romanian): a nuanced hybrid at absence and nostalgia, dor conveys loneliness you embrace, rather than overcome (p. 26).

[All quotations and mentions come from Kinfolk, The Travel Issue, 2016.]

Written by Kinga Macalla

September 7, 2016

Language learning: Which exam should I take to prove my level?

When you are learning a language, sometimes you want to have something official to show for it, to demonstrate which level you have got up to according to recognised examination bodies.  This can be useful if you are applying for a place at a university, which often require proof of level in the language in which programmes will be taught, if you are applying for a job, if you want to emigrate to a country of acquire citizenship of a country, if you want to teach the language, to add to your CV for later, or just to give yourself the reassurance that you have reached a certain level.  But which exams should you take?  Here is a list of recognised exams and qualifications for a few of the languages we teach at Bristol Language School.

IMG_7453 ready

One good place to start is looking at the list of European Language Certificates, or telc language tests, which are international standardised tests of ten languages, which offers over 70 tests, including general language and vocational examinations and tests for students. All telc language examinations correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) for listening, reading, speaking and writing. Your BLS teacher can also advise you on which exam to choose.

Arabic – In the UK, you can take a number of GCSEs and iGCSEs (International GCSEs) in Arabic, and the Cambridge International Examinations.  In Europe, you can take the telc in Arabic, or alternatively the European Arabic Language Test, which is based on Level A2 of the Common European Framework of Reference (lower than the telc).  Internationally, there is the Arabic Language Proficiency Test.

French – FLE is the acronym for the Français langue étrangère or “French as a foreign language” test, which is intended for learners of French for cultural or tourism purposes. There is no single test but instead a variety of possible tests used to measure language proficiency of non-francophones in non-francophone countries.  If you wish to study at a French-speaking university, you can take the DELF/DALF, which gives a certificate of your level, and the TCF (Knowledge of French Test), which is required by universities.  There is also the DELF PRO for people wishing to work in French.  People who want to teach French will need to take a different diploma.  More information is available on the French Institute website.  The exams can be taken in Belfast, Birmingham, Cambridge, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Exeter, Glasgow, Jersey, Manchester and York.  There is also the telc in French.

IMG_7454 ready

German – The Zertifikat Deutsch is a test of general German proficiency. The Zertifikat Deutsch für den Beruf (Certificate in German for Professionals) is an internationally recognised examination which tests German language ability for business and professional purposes.  The DSH (Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang) is a language proficiency test required for entry to a German university. There is also a German telc.  The Goethe Institut will have all the information you need about German proficiency exams.

Italian – The Certificate of Italian as a Foreign Language (Certificazione di Italiano come Lingua Straniera or CILS) is recognised by the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is often used to grant acceptance in any Italian university or higher education institution in Italy. There is also an Italian telc.  The Italian cultural institute in London can tell you more.

Japanese – In the UK you can do either GCSE, the International Baccalaureate qualification, a practical language test or the Japanese language proficiency test.  There is also an aptitude test in the Japanese writing system, kanji.  The Japan Foundation has more information.

Mandarin – The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi (HSK) is an official examination designed to assess the Chinese language proficiency of non-native speakers from beginners to advanced Level (divided in levels 1-6).  It consists of reading, writing, listening and comprehension.  The London Confucius Institute has more information.

IMG_7498ready

Polish – In the UK, you can take GCSE & A-Level Polish or the Certificate in Polish as a Foreign Language (Polish: Egzaminy Certyfikatowe z Języka Polskiego jako Obcego), are standardised tests of Polish language proficiency for non-native Polish speakers that are currently available in CEFR levels B1-C2.  There is also a Polish telc.

Portuguese – The CAPLE (Centro de Avaliação de Português Língua Estrangeira or Centre for Evaluation of Portuguese as a Foreign Language) issues certificates of proficiency in European Portuguese as a Second language developed by the University of Lisbon.  The test is offered at CEFR levels A1 – C2.  It can be taken in London.  There is also a Portuguese telc.

Russian – The Test of Russian as a Foreign Language (TORFL) is a standardised test supervised by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science.  There is also a Russian telc. The Russian Language Centre has more information.

Spanish – The Diplomas de Español como Lengua Extranjera (English: Diplomas of Spanish as a Foreign Language), or DELE, are official diplomas issued by the Spanish Instituto Cervantes to participants who have passed a standardised test indicating their European Spanish language proficiency. The exam can be taken at the Cervantes Institute in London.  There is also a Spanish telc.

Written by Suzannah Young

August 31, 2016

Language learning: Which language to choose? With helpful videos in six languages

Estimates say that there are up to 7,000 languages spoken in the world today (in around 200 states!).  Some languages have millions of speakers and some have just a few thousand speakers.  But with so many languages to choose from, how do you decide which one to learn?  This blog post gives you a few ideas on how to make the decision.

Does it match your interests?

Have you heard a song that you like in another language and you want to know what it says?  Do you enjoy books by Sándor Márai or Milan Kundera?  Do you like Italian food?  Do you like going on holiday in a particular location?  If you learn a language that is linked to something you enjoy, you are likely to get more out of it and remember it better. If the language has relevance to your life, what you learn will stay with you.

Do you know people who speak it?

Some people are inspired to learn a language because they have friends or partners who speak it.  If you have a partner whose first language is different from your own, think about whether you need to learn it to speak to their family, their parents and siblings, or their friends.  If you go and visit their family, do you want to be able to speak to the people they grew up with? Do you want to be able to go out and interact with local people?  It is also a way to get to know a person better if you understand the language they think in, the language they spent their childhood years speaking.  You can show how much you care about them by learning the language that is dear to them and learning about their culture.  Your partner is also a good person to practice your new-found skills with – they can teach you and correct you and will want to help.

Will it be useful for your work?

Has the company you work for just signed a deal with a German business?  Have you just started importing products from Japan?  Is it going to give you the opportunity to work with your new colleagues if you learn their language?  Could you get new tasks and responsibilitites or even a promotion if you learn it?  Or do you want to look for a new, exciting job? What about one that gives you the opportunity to travel?  If you are looking for a change or a challenge in your career, learning a new language could be the perfect thing for you.

Do you want to move to a new country?

In today’s world, more and more people are emigrating and making a new life in a new country – for work or to have a new experience.  If you want to integrate in the country you wish to move to it is a good idea to learn the language spoken there, and you can give yourself a head start by learning some of it before you leave.  Learning the language will also help you get to know the country, understand the way things work, its politics and its culture.  The transition to life there will be smoother if you already understand some of the language when you get there.

Will it be useful in the future?

Some countries, like India, Bolivia, Morocco or Brazil, have economies that are developing fast and countries that are likely to become politically important on the global stage in the not-too-distant future, like Turkey.  It can be beneficial to learn the languages of those countries to be able to find employment working in or with them in the future.

Do you want to have fun?

Some people just enjoy learning languages, out of intellectual interest or as a challenge.  If you are one of these people, you can pick any language you like – because you like the way it sounds, because you like the look of the alphabet, because you like how logical it is…you name it!
BLS wishes you good luck in your learning, whichever language you choose!

Written by Suzannah Young

August 24, 2016

Travelling Corner: A Frenchman in America (Part 2)

Salut! I’m Nicolas, a French teacher and new recruit at Bristol Language School. I love to travel, as I’m very keen on discovering new cultures, but I had never left Europe… until I went to the U.S. a few weeks ago! Here is my report about this experience.

Day 2:

After a looong night, I wake up in great shape at 7am, before everyone. The sun is already shining! I decide to go running, and I head for Venice Beach which is not far. What a  fantastic view! And it’s the very first time I’ve seen the Pacific Ocean in my life. It is very quiet: a few runners and surfers of course, but the weather is perfect, and so is the moment.

USA 3

As I knew I would only stay in LA for one day, I booked a tour on a sightseeing bus (I know… lazy, but easy!). I struggle a little to find the bus stop, and I have to walk for 30 minutes (btw, I am used to walking in Europe, but walking is a nightmare in the US, especially without GPS!). Once again, there is absolutely nobody in the street. This is clearly not a country for pedestrians. At last I reach the (almost empty) bus. Now with the audioguide in French, I am the perfect tourist! Ready for the day!

The first part of the tour is from Venice Beach to Pacific Avenue. Venice was founded by a rich man who wanted to recreate the Italian city of Venice. Next on the tour we reach Brentwood and see the house where Marilyn Monroe died, and a bit later Westwood Graveyard where she was buried, which became the “stars” graveyard.

USA 5

We go through Beverly Hills, of course, and the bus stops for a few seconds so we can photograph the famous sign (there are only 5 of them, and you must pay a lot of royalties to use it in a film or a show). Finally, we reach Hollywood. It’s easy to recognise it, of course, because it is written on the hill! I want to take a closer picture, but the closer you get, the more buildings and adverts there are and you can’t see it anymore.

USA 8

I leave the bus for a lunch break on the Walk of Fame. There are so many stars on the pavement! There are hundreds, and most of the names are not very famous (well, not to me!). The shops are only for tourists (fake Oscars, caps, postcards, etc.). I have another Burger + Fries but in an Irish pub, near a couple of Banksy stencils and it starts to rain (I feel at home for a while!). It’s $15 for a simple meal (burger+fries+beer), because of the taxes and the tips that are not included on the menu… I’ll get used to it, I guess!

USA 11

On our way back to Venice, we see Sunset Boulevard and many other famous places: we see the Château Marmont, then the club from the Blues Brothers film (made out of corrugated metal structures), then the Viper Room club where River Phoenix died in 1993…

Finally, one last turn on Pacific Avenue, and the sun is back…

USA 1

That was a long day, and now my mission is to reach downtown to get the coach to San Francisco. And when you’re a foreigner, on your own at night, that’s quite a challenge! This is a completely different atmosphere. One guy kindly explains to me how to reach downtown, and when I say I want to reach the coach station on foot, he litterally says “please, don’t do that.” Very reassuring! So I take the bus again, and finally get on the coach to San Francisco…

Written by Nicolas Salmon

August 17, 2016

Travelling Corner: The Sub-Tropical Archipelago of the Isles of Scilly (Part 2)

I decided to fulfil my dream of visiting the British sub-tropical archipelago, the Isles of Scilly, located around 30 miles off the coast of Cornwall. You can read more about my travelling experience here, whilst today I will focus on practicalities.

St Mary 7

Plan
All the necessary information regarding visiting the Isles of Scilly can be found on this website and I also followed the essential guidebook: Isles of Scilly Guidebook.

St Mary 6

Travel
I travelled from Penzance to St. Mary’s Island by ferry, the Scillonian III. It takes around 2.45hrs to reach the destination and it is a rather pleasant (and a little bit wobbly) time to relax and read some guidebooks. Cars are not permitted on the ferry, so I left my car in a car park just outside Penzance and then took a minibus to the harbour in Penzance (these parking options were recommended when I booked the ferry tickets).

Scillonian

Sleep
I was camping on Garrison Campsite on St. Mary’s Island which was relatively cheap and conveniently located, very close to the harbour and Hugh Town. There is, however, a steep walk up the campsite, as it is on a hill. The campsite is surrounded by trees and you can go on a very pleasant walk around the hill. Worth noting, the shower runs only on coins. There are plenty of other accommodation options available on St. Mary’s and other isles.

St Mary 5

Food
I decided to mostly cook my meals or pre-prepare my own lunch boxes. The prices in the restaurants were quite high, as there is very little competition, but everything tastes exceptionally good. I particularly enjoyed my visit to the Abbey Garden’s café where you can eat alfresco.

St Mary 4

Local modes of transport
Legs, bus, bike, cart, taxi, boat. Considering the size of the isles, you might feel truly spoiled!

St Mary 9

Now, do you have any questions about my travelling to the Scilly Isles? Please share your questions in the comments below.
Written by Kinga Macalla

August 10, 2016

Book Review: Reading Companions to the Isles of Scilly

I decided to fulfil my dream of visiting the British sub-tropical archipelago, the Isles of Scilly, located around 30 miles off the coast of Cornwall. You can read more about my travelling experience here and today I want to share with you what inspired me to visit the Isles and what reading souvenirs I brought back home.

Isles of Scilly Guidebook
Essential. I walked everywhere with this guidebook. I had an older edition I had bought in a charity shop which was thinner than the more updated ones. If you want to purchase the latest publication, you can do so on the ferry Scillonian III or on the Isles.

Isles of Scilly Guidebook

OS Explorer Isles of Scilly (101)
Additional touch. To be honest, I did not use the OS map that much, the above guidebook was all I needed when visiting the Isles.

OS Explorer 101

Cereal Vol. 5
Inspiring. Tresco Abbey Garden, birds, photo essay. Beautiful.
The Rough Guide to Devon & Cornwall
Practical. There is a chapter devoted to the Isles of Scilly worth reading, but I would not carry it to the Isles.

Cereal vol 5

Drawings by Sue Lewington
Artistic. I bought two books of her drawings, A Week on Scilly and Sketches of Scilly. Sue lived on St. Martin’s for nearly 8 years. You can easily get her drawings on the Isles, too.

Drawing by Sue Lewington

Times Remembered. A Scillonian’s Story by Gladys Perkins
Local history. I bought a memorial written by a Scillonian, Gladys Perkins after visiting St. Martin’s Island. The book was advertised in the windows of most houses on St. Martin’s, since the author was born and is still living on this very Island!

Do you have any favourite guidebooks or fiction writing on the Scilly Isles? Please share your recommendations in the comments below.

Written by Kinga Macalla

August 3, 2016

Third Year Abroad: Study Placement in Budapest, Hungary

My Socrates-Erasmus year in Budapest was an amazing experience.

I arrived there in August 2012. It was extremely hot, around 40°c, and I had only left myself 2 weeks to find accommodation! I stayed at Marco Polo Hostel, a very cheap and warm hostel where you can meet a lot of people and that is located in the Jewish district, a well-known district – especially for the parties in ‘Ruins’ pub. Something to know about Budapest is that a real tradition there is to use old, traditional-style buildings and set up new bars inside them. The most famous of these is Szimpla Kert – you just have to see that pub!  There is also the Instant, Kuplung or the Corvin tetö (with an amazing roof-top view!)…

Budapest 3

The thermal baths
Budapest is a thermal bath city. You will find a lot of thermal baths there, the most famous ones being Szechenyi and Gellert.  Come along and see old people playing chess at the baths and the crowd relaxing there.  Something nice to do on a lazy day…

Budapest 2

The city’s heritage
There are many wonderful squares, bridges, statues and parks in Budapest. You will need a full week if you want to see everything.  The most beautiful building I have ever seen is the Hungarian Parliament by night.  The Green bridge, the Old covered market and the Heroes’ square are lovely too.
That was about the city, but what about the people there?

Budapest 1

The language
In Hungary, people speak Hungarian. You will not be able to guess what it sounds like if you haven’t heard it first! As this language is only spoken by 11 million people in the world, you can easily find people in Hungary who speak English, especially in Budapest as it is very touristy.

The university & accommodation
The University of Cornivus is amazing. It’s big and there are lots of students there (I think over 15,000), in an old building that looks like a museum, right in the city centre.

I found a shared flat for less than €250 a month in the city centre (near Vaci utca), with a Portuguese girl and a Moroccan boy as flatmates.  My Erasmus grant covered my rent! The currency is the Forint. You will be impressed to see bank notes with 3 zeros!

Budapest 4

The local travelling
That year I went on some student-organized trips but mostly I travelled on my own. From Budapest you can easily get to Bratislava (Slovakia) for €15 return for an hour’s journey.  Romania is only 2 hours away.  There is also a huge lake in the centre of the country called Balaton, which is very warm because it is only 2 to 5 metres deep!

I think it was the best choice I ever made to study abroad for a year. I came back more open-minded about culture, people’s habits and, of course, I came back being able to speak English fluently (with the bonus of being able to speak basic Hungarian)!

Written by Alexis Fillat

July 27, 2016

Language Learning Techniques: Develop your Speaking Skills in Another Language

We hope you found our post on writing skills useful.  This is the last post in the skills development series – and it talks about the most active skill of all, speaking.  Speaking is what most people want to do when they learn a language – it is how you interact with people, and it is the most natural mode of communication. It takes practice but it is very rewarding when you start to speak well in your new language. Here are a few tips to get you speaking fluently.

Speaking 2

Be Patient and Practise
Like babies, when we learn a new language, we start to understand the language we are learning before we start to be able to speak it, and long before we are able to speak it well. It will probably take you longer to master speaking, an active skill, than it does to master the other, receptive (or passive) skills. So remember that speaking takes practice, and the more you do it, the easier it will get.  Don’t be discouraged, and speak as much as you can, to as many people as you can! Don’t be afraid to make mistakes – people do that when speaking their own language, so it is perfectly fine to do it in a language you are learning. You can correct yourself just as you do in your first language.

Read Aloud and Get Active
If you are reading a text in the language you are learning, try reading it aloud.  You will get used to making the sounds and how the language works without having to think about the words first – this is good practice for when you have to speak. This is an exercise children do at school too – but you can make it less daunting by doing it in the comfort of your own home!  You don’t need an audience, unless you are a fan of theatre or slam poetry!  In fact, joining a theatre club that performs in foreign languages is a good way to practice speaking in a fun environment. Joining a multilingual choir is another idea.

Copy What People Say
We learn by imitation, and you can put this into practice in the language you are learning.  Listen to the radio or, better, an online broadcast that you can pause and play back and repeat what you hear people say. This works even better if you have a transcript of what is being said. Then you can hear the word, repeat it and check what it is if you didn’t quite catch the meaning. Time how long it takes you to read the whole transcript and see if it takes the same amount of time as the presenters.

Think of a Topic to Talk About
We speak better when we know what we are talking about, so choose a topic you are familiar with, such as your hobbies or what you did at the weekend, and practice talking about it, gradually saying more each time.  You can look up vocabulary first or draw a mind map to get your brain ready and then speak for a minute to start with and then gradually build up the time you talk for. Try this with different topics until you have built up a good conversation repertoire.

Written by Suzannah Young