Categories for Blog

November 23, 2016

Is Global English a New Lingua Franca?

We’re living in the era of English being a global language; one may argue a lingua franca so to say. But what does this mean for learners, speakers and teachers of the English language? I find this subject fascinating and would like to share a few thoughts with you.

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New Society of Non-Native Speakers
When you think about English, do you still associate it with the USA or with Australia? Wherever I travel to, people usually greet me in their local language, but then they immediately switch to English. I believe there are so many speakers of English that the language itself has become an international hybrid without one dominating culture behind it. Speakers of English form “a new society, in which English is shared among many groups of non-native speakers rather than dominated by the British or Americans.”[Warschauer, 2000: 512] In the February New Scientist, Hodson presented an interesting hypothesis that “English is on course to be the planet’s lingua franca. It just probably won’t be English that native speakers are used to.” [Hodson, 2016: 31].

Motivation
This internationalism of English definitely has some impact on the motivation of its learners. Normally learners study a language with the aim of visiting a country that speaks it, or to learn more about its culture. Do we learn English in order to travel to New Zealand? I doubt it; we rather invest in ourselves to become fluent, to be able to communicate with the world, to have better working perspectives, to gain knowledge quicker and to be seen as global citizens. Also, learning English is becoming a matter of necessity and importance rather than a choice linked with its culture, sound or mentality.

Bicultural Identity
Motivation leads us on to identity. Do we still identify ourselves with one language and one culture? As Arnett argues “most people now develop a bicultural identity, in which part of their identity is rooted in their local culture while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture”. It looks like the global society is on its way to becoming bilingual or multilingual and this phenomenon might be more of a norm than a special feature.

What are your thoughts on the future of English as a global language? Please share your ideas in the comments below.

Read more:
Warschauer, M., 2000. The changing global economy and the future of English teaching, TESOL Quarterly 34, 511-35.
New Scientist Magazine, February 2016.

Written by Kinga Macalla

November 16, 2016

Travelling Corner: How to afford all the travelling you want

Do you dream about travelling? I used to feel the same, but I’m no longer dreaming, I’ve started to act on it. Keep reading to find out how I organise my life in order to pursue all my travelling desires.

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Make it a priority
Travelling is one of the biggest priorities of my life. Apart from all of life’s daily necessities (bills, food, etc.) and books, I spend most of my money on travelling. Unless necessary and very carefully chosen, I rarely buy new clothes, furniture, equipment or eat out (I usually invite friends to my place instead). Apart from work and family, I focus all my attention on all travel-related activities, doing research, reading, watching documentaries and obviously travelling. I’m very happy with my lifestyle now.

Cheap flights
Even though my head is full of ideas of where to travel to, I always do a reality check. I simply look for the cheapest flights available. Very often that means that I need to change my travelling plans, either to travel to my chosen destination later or even to change my chosen destination to go somewhere else. Yes, I’m flexible, but also I plan my travels way in advance. I follow this mantra that the world is beautiful and wherever I go I’ll have a new wonderful and inspiring experience.

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Clothes
I have a set of travelling clothes (quite worn now) and I only take a very few of them with me. The reason is that I do not want to be seen as a holiday-maker, but more as an average traveller who would like to learn more about the world. Since applying this rule, I’ve noticed that I’m rarely approached by waiters/sellers who would like to offer me some good. It works well and I feel comfortable, too.

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Camping
If I travel to warmer places, I always camp. And personally, I love it. It gives me the opportunity to meet new people (you can easily bump into someone and start an interesting conversation), to be outside from sunrise to sunset and to completely change my routine. I also like the fact that I can organise the inside of the tent and make it homely and cosy (I always bring some extra pillows/blankets/electronic candles).

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Food
I rarely eat outside to reduce the cost and simply prepare my meals using local ingredients. The items I always bring with me are tea, porridge and raisins. That way I can have breakfast every day – one meal sorted!

Beach tent
I bought my beach tent a year ago and it was one of the best purchases I’ve made. It’s so practical, it can protect you from wind, sun and rain and you can have some quieter time to eat, read or sleep there. It’s not too big nor too heavy, so I carry it with me whenever I go to the beach.

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Obviously, all the above is very personal and you may have a very different approach to travelling. How do you organise your life to be able to travel? Let me know in the comments below.

Written by Kinga Macalla

November 9, 2016

Book review: The Journey. The Fine Art of Travelling by Train.

A beautifully photographed album of the world’s luxury and local long- and short-distance train journeys. Since reading Closely Watched Trains (Ostře sledované vlaky) by Bohumil Hrabal, I have become inspired by the romantic and sentimental vibes associated with trains and train stations, to such an extent that I now even live by a train station. I must confess, I simply adore this publication. It gives a precise overview of the most magical train routes in the world. The photographs accompanying each train journey are astonishing. You can definitely taste the flavour of each of the routes, which include the Venice Simplon-Orient-Express, The Belmond Royal Scotsman, the Glacier Express, El Transcantabrico, the Trans-Siberian Railway, Kyushu Seven Stars, the Eastern & Oriental Express, Royal Rajasthan on Wheels, California Zephyr, Hurricane Turn, the Royal Canadian Pacific, Belmond Hiram Bingham, La Trochita, The Blue Train, The Royal Livingston Express, the Tazara Railway, La Micheline, The Ghan, the TranzAlpine and many more.

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It is a nice read for long, slow wintry evenings (but be careful: after reading it, you may become inspired to book train tickets straight away!). It could also be an excellent idea for a Christmas present.

Do you like travelling by train? What is your favourite route? Please let me know in the comments below.

Written by Kinga Macalla

November 2, 2016

Let’s celebrate festivals from around the world!

Dear Readers,

We feel lucky to be living in Bristol, a diverse and multilingual city, but in December… it’s that time of year again, it gets dark at 4pm… Isn’t that a perfect excuse to join us for an evening of multicultural celebrations and festive treats?

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Let’s come together to learn about various festivals from around the world: Christmas, Rozhdestvo Khristovo, Chinese New Year, Ganjitsu, Epifanía del Señor and many more. Food, music and great conversation provided, wanna join?

Save the date: Friday, 2nd December @ 7pm.

Visit our FB page to find out more.

See you on the 2nd!

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October 26, 2016

Language Learning Tips: Do I have time to learn a foreign language every day?

Do I have time to learn a foreign language every day? Of course, not! But, I think you may change your mind after reading this article, so let me explain.

Impossible possible?
First of all, I’m not talking about spending hours practising every day (although, that would be just perfect!), but about finding ways to include some language practice for as little as 5-10 minutes per day. Secondly, you do not actually need extra time to practise every day. You need to prepare yourself for learning and then follow your daily routine. Thirdly and most importantly, enjoy the whole process from the moment you decide to learn a foreign language to carrying out your everyday practice.

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How does it work?

You can follow the 5 steps formula:

1.    Find the time. Think about when you could potentially learn, e.g. while driving a car/commuting, cooking/cleaning/ironing, taking a bath/brushing your teeth, walking, waiting for a meeting/appointment/meal/train/bus, etc… Yes, there are endless possibilities!

2.    Follow your interests. Research the topics that interest you, e.g. cooking (recipes), holiday phrases, music (singers), art (painters), (non-)fiction writing (writers), etc.

3.    Get the resources. Prepare/order/borrow/download books, e-books, audio-books, podcasts, radio programmes, CDs, DVDs, magazines/newspapers, grammar books, flashcards, apps, etc.

4.    Have a weekly plan. Plan what you’re going to do every day, (you can of course review it every week), e.g. on Monday it’s reading (from crime novels to news), Tuesday-listening (radio podcasts, audiobooks), Wednesday-grammar (some relevant exercises), Thursday-speaking (reading aloud or shadowing), Friday-writing (diary, emails), Saturday-watching films (with/without subtitles), Sunday-vocabulary drill (flash cards, dictionary).

5.    Learn EVERY DAY!

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If you’re new to language learning or are very busy, I would recommend starting with the simplest routine you can implement and then trying to add new skills. And don’t wait until you think you’re ready, start learning a foreign language now!

If you follow everyday learning or any other routine, let me know more about your methods in the comments below.

October 19, 2016

How to Stay Motivated While Learning a Foreign Language

I am lucky enough to speak five languages and be learning a sixth.  Part of the reason why I have learnt them is because I have lived in several different countries, but you could say the other part is because I am motivated to learn them.  I enjoy the challenge and the voyage of discovery and I like to learn as much as I can about the place I am in, and that includes the language.  What better way to get to know people than to learn their language? I feel that it is also a sign of respect to learn at least some words in the language of a place you are travelling to: hello, thank you, goodbye, that kind of thing.

People sometimes ask how it is possible to keep up a second (or third, or fourth…) language, especially when you do not live in a country where it is spoken.  The key to doing this is wanting to maintain it – if it is important to you to maintain your skills in that language, then you are already half way there! I personally try to use my languages every day. I will read books and articles in my chosen languages and listen to the radio or watch films.  I try to treat each language equally but it is not always easy, it requires a bit of discipline.  But we all have favourites and I find that I spend a bit more time on my favourite language…

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There are activities you can do to keep up your language competence, but maintaining your chosen language is also about a state of mind: remind yourself why you learnt it in the first place and why you love it, and you will want to keep on using it.

Here are a few activities you can do to maintain your new language, and tips on how regularly to do them.

Read
If you like to read novels, read novels in your second language.  If you like to keep up to date with the news, read (online) newspapers in the language you have learnt.  If you like cooking, read (online) cookbooks and regale yourself with the delicious goodies you make using your linguistic knowledge!  If you pursue activities that you like, it will be easier to maintain your understanding and it will come more naturally.

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Listen
Similarly, listen to the radio or listen to music you like in your chosen language.  This way you will keep your ear tuned in to what people sound like, stay abreast of what is happening in the country of your adopted language and enjoy that great music genre you discovered when you delved deeper into the language you decided to learn and its accompanying cultural artefacts.

Watch
Remind yourself why you love the culture of the country/ies where your chosen language is spoken by watching its/their films and tv shows (these can be found relatively easily on the internet these days; foreign language films can be borrowed from most libraries or bought for a relatively reasonable price at good record stores).

Speak to People
Find a meet-up group near you where people get together to speak the language and, of course, make friends.  Find an online platform where you can speak to language partners on Skype.  Move to a country where they speak your new language… Keeping in contact with people is a sure-fire way of keeping your language skills alive!

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Produce
With this in mind, it is important not just to maintain your passive skills but to maintain your active skills as well.  To this end, you should try to speak the language and write in it as often as you can, to make sure you keep using it.  Perhaps you can write a blog in your chosen language, keep a diary, or write to a pen pal (not as old-fashioned as you might think!).  As the adage goes, use it or lose it!

Routine
If you are the kind of person who likes to stick to routines, and finds structure motivating, then you can decide to dedicate a specific amount of time to doing these activities, like an hour a day, or half an hour of each language each day if you have two new languages on the go.  If not, you can do what you feel like doing and when you feel like doing it, and it won’t feel like a chore to keep up your language(s).

Enjoy
Most of all, keep enjoying your language learning and practising what you have learnt.  That is the key to maintaining motivation and retaining your new-found skills.

See more tips here.

Written by Suzannah Young

October 12, 2016

Book Review: Maintaining Your Second Language by Eve Lindemuth Bodeux

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“The big ‘secret’ to improving second language skills is practice.” Eve Lindemuth Bodeux (p. 9)

I became in love with this book from the very first page. The author, Eve Lindemuth Bodeux is an experienced second language user and the content is predominantly based on her own experience. This, I think, is what makes the book so special. As a reader, you want to implement many ideas and tips immediately, as you feel truly inspired by the strategies and techniques presented by Eve Lindemuth Bodeux.

I would need to re-write the whole content to praise it enough, but instead, I am going to introduce the book by one of its first chapters: ‘Define Your Goals’. I think it is important to know why we want to improve our language skills, what we want to achieve, what learning journey we will follow and how much time and energy will be involved in achieving our goals. I have answered the suggested-by-the-author questions for my two languages: Czech and French. It is only the beginning of this fascinating journey of maintaining and improving my language skills, but I have already started working on my Czech and French by watching films, reading out loud and having language exchange meet-ups.

Maintaining your second language is a practical and approachable guidebook for any second-language user, linguist, tutor, translator or language enthusiast. As enthusiastic as I sound I cannot recommend this book enough!

If you know more than one language, how do you maintain your second language skills? What is your favourite activity? Please share your tips in the comments below.

[All quotations and mentions come from Eve Lindemuth Bodeux, Maintaining Your Second Language, Spectacle Book Press, 2016.]

Written by Kinga Macalla

October 5, 2016

On Languages: Spanish

Spanish is spoken as a first language by more than 427 million people throughout the world and around 21 million people are learning it.  It is the second most common native language in the world.   It is the third most studied language in Europe, with 19% of school pupils learning it as a second or additional language.  Its speakers can be found in South and Central America, Europe and Africa.  Given this diversity of locations, there are also many varieties of Spanish spoken.  In the UK you will most likely learn Castellano, Castillian Spanish, as in the Spanish of Spain, but there are other varieties of the languages and ways of pronouncing it.  You are also free to choose which variety you learn, perhaps if you have a special connection to one or other variety.  Teaching and learning materials may be slightly more difficult to find for them but the internet will be of great help here.

Vocabulary
Spanish is a romance language and so shares much cognate vocabulary with languages such as French, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian.  Unlike some of these languages, though, following several centuries of Arab rule in the Spanish peninsula, 8% of Spanish vocabulary is derived from Arabic.  This can be seen, for example, in words beginning with ‘al’, such as ‘alfombra’ (‘rug’) and ‘almohada’, (‘pillow’), and also one of the words most associated with Spain, ‘aceituna’, ‘olive’.  Many place names in Spain and ones that have been transposed to Latin America reflect Arab roots, such as Guadalahara (river/valley of stones).

Pronunciation
Spanish is a phonetic language, so once you have learned the sound each letter makes, you will have no problem reading words aloud or spelling words you hear.  Spanish has some letters that do not feature in the English alphabet, but most of the sounds do exist in some form, such as ‘ll’, which is a ‘y’ sound (‘sh’ in some parts of Latin America) and ‘n’, a ‘nyuh’ sound, found between some words, such as ‘phone you’ in English.  One sound that is more difficult is ‘j’ (‘Jesús’, ‘jornada’) or ‘g’ before ‘e’ and ‘i’, (‘gestión’, ‘gimnasio’) which is pronounced a bit like ‘ch’ in the Scots word ‘loch’.  Depending on which variety you choose to learn, the pronunciation can be slightly different.  In some parts of Spain, ‘c’ and ‘z’ make a ‘th’ sound, but in other parts of Spain and Latin America, they are pronounced ‘s’.
The stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable of a word, and when the stress is somewhere else, the word is usually spelled with a helpful accent over the syllable to be stressed (guanábano, habitación, inglés).

Grammar
Again, Spanish grammar depends on which variety you choose to learn.  The main differences between the varieties is that some use the ‘’ and ‘vosotros’ forms to mean ‘you’ (singular and plural respectively), and others use ‘vos’ and ‘ustedes’ for the same groups, and the associated verb forms change slightly.  For example, ‘you have’ can be ‘(tú) tienes’ or ‘(vos) tenés’.  There is also more use of the present perfect in Castillian Spanish, whereas other forms tend to use the preterite (similar to UK and US English…).

Why Learn Spanish?
As Spanish is such a widely spoken language and the countries where it is spoken have influence in the world, speaking Spanish can give you a competitive advantage in business, give you access to popular culture such as film and music, enhance your travel experience across the world (you will be able to speak to the locals!), give you a head start in learning other romance languages, help you understand our not-so-far-away neighbours, and let you have fun!

Written by Suzannah Young

September 28, 2016

Interview with Babel Magazine

1. What is Babel Magazine, who writes it and who is your audience?

Babel magazine was set up by Lesley Jeffries and Dan McIntyre, two linguists at the University of Huddersfield. Lesley and Dan found it strange that the newsagent’s shelves had magazines for subjects such as history and geography, but nothing that covers linguistics. They knew that many people – not just linguistics professors! – are interested in all sorts of things to do with language, and decided that they ought to do something about it. Babel is a quarterly magazine for both linguists and those with a general interest in languages and linguistics, based on new research but interesting and accessible for all. (You can watch an animated take on the origins of Babel magazine here).
Each issue is written by many linguistic researchers from far and wide – this helps us make sure that we cover a wide range of topics, from the secret language of gay men in the 1950s, to the future of translation through new technology. But we also write Babel’s regular features ourselves – Lesley and Dan write the entries for our Linguistic Lexicon, and our editorial staff – Jane Lugea, Matt Evans and Hazel Price – put everything together and handle Language in the News.

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2. How do you decide on the content? Do you receive letters from the readers? Do you consult specialists/academics? 

We have been very lucky – we have had a constant stream of contributions coming in from linguists around the world from ever since our first issue (which you can read for free). We are looking forward to publishing new articles that we have been sent on topics such as adverbs, the language of comedy and marketplace metaphors.
Sometimes we put a call out for specialists – for example, Twitter was very handy for assembling a team of contributors for our recent special issue on the pioneering linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. We also accept readers’ requests! Our regular Ask a Linguist feature addresses readers’ burning linguistic questions, and if readers suggest a topic, then we’ll try to find a linguist to write an article on it.

3. Can you tell us more about the Babel Young Writers Competition?

Our Young Writers’ Competition is our way of recognising the writing talents of young linguists. Each year, we run two categories – one for sixth form/college students, and one for undergraduates – and the winner of each is published in our November issue (as well as receiving a year’s free subscription to Babel).
The competition was inspired by an article we received out of the blue. We were stunned to find that the writer of this wonderful piece on British Sign Language was a seventeen year-old linguist, Kateryna Pavlyuk. This made us think that perhaps there were more great young writers on language out there, and so we set up the competition. So far our winners have looked at diverse topics: Konglish (a blend of Korean and English), the status of Arabic and English in Lebanon, and what spoonerisms (‘bunny rabbit’ / ‘runny babbit’) can tell us about how language works. We are currently carrying out the difficult task of picking our 2016 winners, which will be published in our next issue (No 17). Readers can read each of our previous winners on the Babel website.

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4. Do you organise any events, such as meetings with researchers, linguists or writers?

Yes – at the moment, the highlight of the Babel calendar is our annual lecture. We set up the Babel Lecture in 2015 as a way to meet our readers, bring expert linguists’ thoughts to the public, and also as an excuse for a good night out!
Our first Babel lecturer was the accent and dialect coach Brendan Gunn, who gave a talk about the important role of linguistics in helping actors such as Brad Pitt, Penelope Cruz and Robert De Niro to sound convincing in their parts. Then, in May this year, David Crystal lectured on intonation in English, drawing on anecdotes from his many years as a linguist to show how intonation plays such an important role in creating meaning. We are hoping to bag another big name for our 2017 lecture, so keep your eyes peeled!

5. The subscription is available both as a hard copy and as an e-magazine. Do your readers have a preference, or do they subscribe to both?  

We have found that most readers like to have the print editions – the majority take out either a print or print plus digital subscription. We suspect that this is because of the excellent job that our designer does. The magazine is colourful, and printed on glossy paper, so it’s nice to own the print copies. It’s also not so easy to put the digital pull-out poster on your wall!
To see what our print editions are like, readers can request a free copy of our sample issue by getting in touch at editors@babelzine.com.

6. What is Lingo Magazine? Do you have many young readers?

We set up Lingo magazine to cater more directly for younger readers. We had got a bit of experience at producing Babel, and knew that we had plenty of schools among our subscribers, so we thought we would set up something especially for younger readers, with more language puzzles and contributions from young language lovers.
Readers can find out more about Lingo at lingozine.com.

7. What are your future plans? Do you have any projects you would like to work on?

We’d like to see the readership of Babel grow and expand. The magazine is a real labour of love, and we’ve had a lot of kind words from readers and other linguists, so we just want to make more!
We will be continuing to run the annual lectures and competitions, and will hopefully start to have more events where readers can hear linguists in person and tell us what they would like to see in the magazine.
There are now quite a few issues of Babel, so we are also looking forward to launching our new subsciptions and back issues in November. These will make it easier to catch up with particular back issues that catch your fancy, and to have access to the entire Babel back catalogue online.
Readers can follow us on Twitter and Facebook to keep up to date with the latest Babel news!

Thank you for your time, good luck with your future projects.

If you would like to subscribe Babel Magazine, you can do so here.
Interviewed by Bristol Language School.
September 21, 2016

Travelling Corner: 5 Ideas for Short-Distance Walks in Bristol (Part 1)

I am a keen walker and I always give my legs priority over any other form of transportation. However, it is not always possible to have enough time for a long walk (but there will be a follow-up post on long-distance walking ideas, too!). Below I have prepared my favourite smaller green spots where you can have a picnic/lunch, go for a short walk or sit on a bench and relax. It’s refreshing and energising.

Queen Square, Centre: a perfect location if you are in the city centre or near the train station.

Brandon Hill, Clifton: well-hidden behind high buildings, not far away from the museum and Park Street.

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Suspension Bridge, Clifton Village: there are many routes to walk and admire the bridge, on the edge of Clifton Village.

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Lover’s Walk, Redland: one of my favourite streets in Bristol, I could walk up and down the street all day long! Next to Redland train station, near Gloucester Road.

Kings Weston Park, Shirehampton: perfect picnic area and a very cosy café with tables inside & outside, walkable form Shirehampton train station, parking available, too.

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Do you have any favourite small open areas in Bristol? Please share your favourites in the comments below.

Written by Kinga Macalla